The Interpretation of the WTO agreement

La Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados (1969) ha sido utilizada recurrentemente para interpretar los acuerdos abarcados de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Este artículo comienza por analizar las razones que justifican el uso de las reglas de interpretación previstas en la Convención de 1969 en el contexto de la OMC, para explicar posteriormente la manera en que dichas normas han sido aplicadas por los paneles y el Cuerpo de Apelaciones de la OMC. De esta manera, busca proveer una guía práctica para estudiantes.The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) has been regularly used for interpreting the covered agreements of the World Trade Organization. This summary begins by presenting the reasons justifying resort to the treaty interpretation rules of the 1969 Convention in the WTO context. Thereafter, it explains how WTO adjudicating bodies have applied such rules in practice. By so doing, it seeks to provide a useful guide from students for students

Informe sobre los restos de fauna procedentes de Nuraghe Gasoru, Tumba de Gigante de Stessei y poblado nurágico de Su Putzu

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A Cloud Powered Relaxed Heterogeneous Distributed Shared Memory System

Distributed systems allow the existence of impressive pieces of software, but usually impose strict restrictions on the implementation language and model. We propose a distribution system model that enables the incorporation of any hardware device connected to the internet as its nodes, and places no restriction on the execution engine, allowing the transparent incorporation of any existing codebase into a Distributed Shared Memory.XIX Workshop Procesamiento Distribuido y Paralelo (WPDP)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

A Cloud Powered Relaxed Heterogeneous Distributed Shared Memory System

Distributed systems allow the existence of impressive pieces of software, but usually impose strict restrictions on the implementation language and model. We propose a distribution system model that enables the incorporation of any hardware device connected to the internet as its nodes, and places no restriction on the execution engine, allowing the transparent incorporation of any existing codebase into a Distributed Shared Memory.XIX Workshop Procesamiento Distribuido y Paralelo (WPDP)Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

La joyería orientalizante peninsular. Diversidad y particularidades a la luz de los últimos hallazgos

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Regulated deficit irrigation in different phenological stages of potted geranium plants: Water consumption, water relations and ornamental quality

The irrigation water requirements and sensitivity to water deficits of ornamental plants is of great interest to horticultural producers for planning irrigation strategies. The effect of different deficit irrigation strategies on physiological and morphological parameters in geranium plants was studied in different growth phases to evaluate how such strategies can be safely used and to ascertain whether the flowering phase is sensitive to deficit irrigation. Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey plants, grown in a controlled growth chamber, were subjected to four irrigation treatments: control (100 % water field capacity throughout the experiment), sustainable deficit irrigation (75 % water field capacity throughout the experiment), and two regulated deficit irrigation treatments that included water stress during the vegetative growth phase or during the flowering development phase. Although the total amount of irrigation water was similar in the three deficit irrigation treatments (around 80 % of the control value), the lowest values for both height and flowering were found when deficit irrigation was applied during flowering. This indicates that plant quality does not only depend on the amount of water applied but also on the time when the reduction is applied, and that flowering is the most sensitive phase to water stress. Evapotranspiration was related to the formation of inflorescences and to increased plant height. When the irrigation strategy was changed, plants increased or decreased their water consumption and stomatal conductance to adjust to the new conditions by regulating stomatal opening, although, in general, the values of both parameters remained below those observed in the control plants. © 2012 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL 2008-05258-C02-1-2, AGL 2011-30022-C02-01) and Fundación Séneca (15356/PI/10).Peer Reviewe

La primacía de la interpretación gramatical del derecho colombiano : un proyecto letrado

Las altas cortes colombianas suelen dar primacía al canon gramatical de interpretación jurídica, y al aplicarlo, acuden a un argumento de autoridad con recurso al diccionario de la Real Academia Española de la Lengua. Este ensayo evidencia que el reconocimiento de la Real Academia como autoridad lingüística para interpretar el derecho colombiano es el resultado de un proyecto político decimonónico, desarrollado por los letrados criollos, herederos de la burocracia española, que ha quedado impreso en la cultura jurídica colombiana.In the Colombian high courts’ decisions, the grammatical criterion for the interpretation of law usually prevails. When using it, Colombian courts of law support their decision to assign a connotation to the normative texts with an ab exemplo argument, in which the Real Academia Española de la Lengua furnishes as authority. This essay shows that the recognition of the abovementioned institution as linguistic authority for interpreting Colombian law is a result of a political project of the nineteenth century, developed by learned European-descendents born in Spanish-American colonies (criollos), who were heirs of the Spanish Empire’s bureaucracy and left a mark in the Colombian juridical culture